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他們及時趕上了公車
They caught the bus just in time
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為什麼 just 放在 in time 前面?

just是副詞, 修飾副詞片語in time.
副詞用於修飾形容詞或副詞時, 通常都是放在前面. 
例如:
very good
quite early
much to my surprise
really in a hurry

 
however 不放在 一般動詞前面？

however當然可以放在一般動詞前面, 但要以逗號隔開, 例如:
You can do your homework later; however, finish it before 9 pm.
I did not like them, but I, however, went to the party. 

 
just 我所知道的中文意思 有 「剛剛、剛才」表過去時間
若沒 just ，只有in time 算是過去式嗎(己發生?)

catch/caught是瞬間動詞, 也就是動作一發生就結束, 不論有沒有just都是過去或未來的事, 不用現在式, 例如:
The caught the bus (just) in time.
If you start running right away, you will catch the bus (just) in time. 

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